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Assimilation, Exploitation & Discrimination: The Unenviable Fate of Canada’s Indigenous Peoples_我的网站

A |     Pope Francis’s July 24-29 tour of Canada included a long-overdue apology to Native Canadians for the Catholic Church’s central role in abuses perpetrated at the country’s network of residential schools.,The notorious boarding school system was funded and organized by Canada’s federal government and run by Catholic and Protestant churches. It oversaw the forceful and systematic assimilation, abuse, enslavement and even murder of Native Canadian boys and girls from the mid-19th to late 20th centuries. It was a particularly brutal and cruel, but by no means first or only, tool of oppression experienced by indigenous peoples during the European colonialists’ history in North America.,“I am here because the first step of my penitential pilgrimage among you is that of again asking forgiveness, of telling you once more that I am deeply sorry. Sorry for the ways in which, regrettably, many Christians supported the colonizing mentality of the powers that oppressed the indigenous peoples. I am sorry. I ask for forgiveness, in particular, for the ways in which many members of the Church and of religious communities cooperated, not least through their indifference, in projects of cultural destruction and forced assimilation promoted by the governments of that time, which culminated in the system of residential schools,” Francis said at the former site of the Ermineskin Residential School in Maskwacis, Alberta on July 25.,The pope assured his apology was “only the first step” of “a serious investigation into the facts of what took place in the past and to assist the survivors of the residential schools to experience healing from the traumas they suffered.”,Pope Francis Holds Mass in Quebec During Visit to Canada to Apologize to Indigenous Community28 July, 13:01 GMT,Assimilation,More than 150,000 Native children passed through the residential school system over its 160+ year history. Children were prohibited, often by physical punishment, from speaking their native languages, having their ancestors’ religious concepts replaced with Christianity, and facing their cultural traditions and social norms substituted for those of the colonialists.,The first experimental residential school was opened in Brantford, Ontario, in 1833, but the system only became a federally-mandated, national, industrial-scale tool of subjugation in the 1880s after Sir John A Macdonald, Canada’s first prime minister, ordered the commissioning of a report on the residential school system model being operated in the United States.,The report, entitled ‘Industrial Schools for Indians and Half-Breeds’, became the basis for Canadian state-church cooperation in solving the Indian “problem” by removing indigenous children from the influences passed down to them by their communities and family units.,© WikipediaIndian Residential School, (Fort) Resolution, Northwest TerritoriesIndian Residential School, (Fort) Resolution, Northwest Territories© Wikipedia,Along with forced assimilation, students were subjected to other forms of torment, including sexual abuse by priests and teachers, forced labor, and slavery. As of 2021, the National Center for Truth and Reconciliation has been able to identify 4,117 documented deaths of First Nations, Inuit and Metis children in residential schools. However, new graves continue to be discovered, and former Truth and Reconciliation Commissioner Murray Sinclair estimates that more than 6,000 children may have died in the residential school system over the period of its operation.,In his bombshell 2016 book “Murder by Decree: the Crime of Genocide in Canada,” writer and former United Church of Canada reverend Kevin Annett challenged the NCTR over its conservative estimates on the residential school deaths, detailing the commission’s suppression of eyewitness testimony and archival documentation, and estimating that the true death toll may have run in the tens of thousands. Annett documented how the system included a monthly “death quota” and involved the use of germ warfare, and believes that as many as 50,000 children may have perished in the residential school network.,Exploitation,Residential schools were by no means the first instance of settlers’ mistreatment of Canada’s indigenous population, with Britain’s victory against the French in the North American theater of the Seven Years’ War of 1754-1763 sealing their fate of subjugation and colonial land grabs, as well as the relentless and cynical exploitation of the most loyal tribes.,At the conclusion of the war in 1763, King George III issued a royal proclamation declaring all lands west of the Appalachian Mountains and the colonies of what would ultimately become the early United States as Native territories, outlawing their settlement or purchase by colonialists, and requiring treaty negotiations for any changes to the arrangement. In Canada –organized from the remnants of New France under the name ‘Quebec’, lands to the west and north of the colony were proclaimed Indian territory.,Centuries later, scholars continue to fiercely debate the correct interpretation of the proclamation, and whether it was meant as a permanent guarantee of Native rights to lands beyond the then-existent colonies, or a mere opportunity for colonists to catch their breath before continuing an aggressive push west.,© Photo"The British Governments in Nth America Laid down agreeable to the Proclamation of Octr. 7, 1763," Gentleman’s Magazine (London, 1763)"The British Governments in Nth America Laid down agreeable to the Proclamation of Octr. 7, 1763," Gentleman’s Magazine (London, 1763)© Photo,Even as colonists repeatedly broke the 1763 treaty’s terms throughout the rest of the 18th and 19th centuries through wars of aggression and by taking advantage of divisions within Native tribes through cunning and trickery, many Natives remained loyal to the Crown.,Perhaps nowhere was this better exemplified than in the story of Joseph Brant, an 18th-century Mohawk military and political leader who led his warriors in defense of the British Empire during the American Revolutionary War of 1775-1783, and whose efforts proved decisive in halting an American advance into what is now Canada.,In return for the loyalty shown by Brant and his fellow Mohawks, Quebec Governor Sir Frederick Haldimand promised that after the war, his people would be granted more than 8,090 square km of land around the Grand River Basin in southern Ontario. However, after the war ended in 1783, the settlers would gradually chip away at their commitments, with the Native-administered area now known as the Six Nations Reserve shrinking to just 183 square km of land, two percent of what Brant was originally promised.,Brant’s story was repeated in one form or another throughout the 19th century, and today just 0.36 percent of Canada’s total landmass has reserve status for its Native communities.,© Wikipedia / National Archives of CanadaJoseph Brant, watercolour by William ArmstrongJoseph Brant, watercolour by William Armstrong© Wikipedia / National Archives of Canada,Discrimination,Notwithstanding decades of recognition by successive governments of the historical injustices done to indigenous people, and lip service to improving their social and economic standing, Canada’s community of 1.67 million Natives continues to struggle with a broad spectrum of problems more typically characterizing countries of the so-called Third World than of a thriving, highly developed First World nation.,The Council of Canadians estimates that some 73 percent of First Nations’ water systems are at medium or high risk of contamination, with dozens of indigenous communities still lacking basic access to clean drinking water, despite billions of dollars in aid doled out by Ottawa every year to developing countries, and over a billion dollars in support sent to Kiev this year amid the Ukrainian security crisis.,Along almost every social indicator, from poverty and access to housing to crime, education, and healthcare, Native communities continue to rank below other Canadians. Nowhere is this exemplified better than in average life expectancy. While other Canadian men and women live on average to an age of 79 and 84 years, respectively, among the First Nations, Metis and Inuit, these figures drop to 72.5 for men and 77.7 for women.。    自2024年6月26日起，陪读签证申请范围得到放宽，此前只有女性长辈(妈妈或祖母)才可以作为陪读人员，如今新政策下，男性长辈将一样获得申请陪读签证的资格！那么具体在申请时有哪些步骤，都需要准备哪些材料呢？本期带你全部了解！什么是陪读签证？陪读准证，就指以陪孩子读书为目的的新加坡长期准证，属于长期访问准证的一种，特殊的是它不可以独立申请，需要依靠孩子的学生准证才可以申请，在广大低龄留学生家庭中十分常见。以下是官方的标准解释：Parent or Grandparent of a child studying in Singapore on a Student's Pass：Only one applicant (either the parent or grandparent of the child) may apply. A local sponsor who is a Singapore citizen or PR aged 21 and above is required. He/she can log in to ICA e-Service using Singpass to sponsor the application.01 申请步骤01明确陪读人员1. 一般来说，孩子的年龄需要在16周岁以下，新加坡才会同意家长陪读。

B | 2. 无论有多少个孩子在新加坡读书，一个家庭只能有一名亲属陪读。这名亲属只能是孩子的爸爸、妈妈、爷爷、奶奶、外公、外婆中的任意一人。02本地人担保申请1. 明确陪读人员后，按照文末清单准备资料。2. 由一位新加坡本地人(PR/公民)为陪读人员进行担保并提交申请。3. 申请通过后，进行体检，并预约生物信息采集，由本地担保人陪同前往移民局办手续并领取正式签证。03签证续签1. 陪读签证是一年一续，且持续需要本地担保人进行担保。移民局会提前3个月提醒陪读人员续签。2. 续签需本地担保人使用SingPass进行操作，流程同上，体检只需两年做一次。3. 续签成功过后，签证有效期不在原签证截止日期上顺延，而是以新的实际签发日期重新算起。需要注意区分低龄留学中常见的以下三种身份：本地担保人 Local sponsor本地担保人是移民局要求的，负责陪读签证的申请和续签。校内联络人 Campus contact中小学的校内联络人是学校要求的，负责协助联络家长、确保家长能理解英文条款。

C | 法定监护人 Statutory guardian法定监护人是父母或父母通过法律程序指定的，可行使监护权。

D | 02 申请材料这里以孩子妈妈申请陪读签证为例：孩子1. 出生证明翻译公证2. 在读证明妈妈(陪读申请人)1. 护照首页2. 工作信息3. 国内身份证正面拍照4. 结婚证翻译公证(若离婚则提供离婚证及孩子监护权证明的翻译公证)5. 两寸白底照片(电子版和实体版都需要）爸爸孩子爸爸并不申请陪读签证，但作为父母也需要提供基本个人信息：1. 护照首页2. 工作信息爷爷/奶奶/外公/外婆爷爷奶奶等作为非父母也非陪读申请人，只需要提供基本信息即可：1. 姓名2. 生日需要注意的是，如果陪读人是爷爷奶奶外公外婆之一，则还需要提供孩子父/母的出生证明翻译公证。申请费用提交申请时付款45新币，正式换到签证再付款90新币。结 语以上就是关于新加坡陪读签证的全部注意事项了，希望可以帮到大家，有留学或者陪读相关的任何问题，或有寻求本地担保人服务的，可以联系小助手咨询哦～。

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